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The governance guide is a product of the "Shared Resources" working group. The aim is to provide a framework for reflection and the main principles followed by the Campus Cyber in setting up the governance of a cyber community.
The governance guide is a product of the "Shared Resources" working group. The aim is to provide a framework for reflection and the main principles followed by the Campus Cyber in setting up the governance of a cyber community.


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This doctrine may change over time.
Cette doctrine pourra être amenée à évoluer dans le temps.
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== Governance principles ==
== Governance principles ==


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=== Role of governance ===
=== Rôle de la gouvernance ===
Campus Cyber recommends that governance focus on monitoring impact objectives. The project team must retain a high degree of autonomy in its technical and functional decisions, and in the management of its priorities.
Le Campus Cyber préconise que la gouvernance se concentre sur le suivi des objectifs d’impacts. Il est nécessaire que l’équipe projet conserve un bon niveau d’autonomie dans ses décisions technico-fonctionnelles et la gestion de ses priorités.
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If necessary, the governance committee can recommend technical guidelines or ask for a technical committee to be set up to ensure ongoing monitoring of the project team's choices.
Le cas échant, la gouvernance pourra préconiser des orientations techniques ou demander la mise en place d’un comité technique pour assurer un suivi continu des choix de l’équipe projet.
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Generally speaking, governance should focus on the following elements:
D’une manière générale, la gouvernance doit concentrer son action sur les éléments suivants :
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* Define its decision-making and review procedures
* Définir ses modalités de prise de décision et de révision
* Define the strategic orientations of the resource
* Définir les orientations stratégiques de la ressource
* Validate the definition of a contribution and its follow-up
* Valider la définition d’une contribution et son suivi
* Validate license evolutions
* Valider les évolutions de licence
* Define conflict management and exclusion procedures
* Définir les modalités de gestion des conflits et d’exclusion
* Define and revise impact objectives
* Définir et réviser les objectifs d’impacts
* Monitor the market value of the resource
* Suivre de la valeur marché de la ressource
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Governance involves an annual review of the common objectives, scope, impact targets and changes to the business model and reciprocity.
La gouvernance est de réviser annuellement les objectifs du commun, son périmètre, les objectifs d’impact et les évolutions de modèle d’affaire et de réciprocité.
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=== Governance composition ===
=== Composition de la gouvernance ===
Campus Cyber advocates a light governance structure, adapted to the timeframe and role of the community. Governance should not exceed nine permanent members. By way of example, the Cyber Campus proposes the following three typologies, distributed as follows:
Le Campus Cyber préconise la mise en place d’une gouvernance légère, adaptée à la temporalité et au rôle du commun. La gouvernance ne saurait excéder neuf membres permanents. Le Campus Cyber propose à titre d’exemple les trois typologies suivantes, réparties comme suit :
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* Beneficiaries - 20% to 30% of seats
* Bénéficiaires – 20% à 30% des sièges
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* Licensees - 20% to 30% of seats
* Licenciés – 20% à 30 % des sièges
* Contributors - 20% to 30% of seats
* Contributeurs – 20% à 30% des sièges
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Each community will define the typologies best suited to its activity. Nevertheless, the typologies will remain exclusive, and each player must propose its own typology, which must be validated by the members of the governance committee.
Chaque commun définira les typologies adaptées à son activité. Néanmoins, les typologies resteront exclusives, chaque acteur doit proposer sa typologie qui doit être validée par les membres de la gouvernance.
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The Cyber Campus requires the addition to its governance of a type of actor who is neutral in relation to the common good. This member, known as an "ethical member", is a member of Campus Cyber who has no direct involvement with the commons, but is a member of the deontology commission (see conflict management below). In exceptional cases, this ethical member may be a member of the Campus Cyber team.
Le Campus Cyber impose l’ajout à la gouvernance d’une typologie d’acteur dite neutre par rapport au commun. Ce membre dit “membre éthique” est un membre du Campus Cyber qui n’a pas d'implication directe avec le commun mais fait partie de la commission de déontologie (voir gestion des conflits ci-dessous). Dans un cas exceptionnel, ce membre éthique peut être un membre de l’équipe Campus Cyber.
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The "ethical member" must have one seat. His/her vote has the same weight as that of the other members of the Board of Directors. The "ethical member" is subject to the same rules as the other governance members.
Le “membre éthique” doit disposer d’un siège. Sa voix a le même poids que celle des autres membres de la gouvernance. Le « membre éthique » est soumis aux mêmes règles que les autres membres de la gouvernance.
=== Conditions for accessing and maintaining governance ===
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The entities that participated in the coordination of the WG at the origin of the creation of a common have a priority place in governance, to guarantee continuity and transmission from the WG to the common.
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=== Condition d’accès et de maintien dans la gouvernance ===
Les entités ayant participé à la coordination du GT à l’origine de la création d’un commun ont une place prioritaire dans la gouvernance, pour garantir la continuité et la transmission du GT vers le commun.
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In the same way, it is advisable to offer access to governance primarily to active members of the WG, while guaranteeing the proportions cited in the "Composition of governance" chapter. Governance must reflect the diversity of the colleges involved.
De la même manière, il convient de proposer l’accès à la gouvernance en premier lieu aux membres actifs du GT tout en garantissant les proportions citées dans le chapitre « Composition de la gouvernance ». La gouvernance doit refléter la diversité des collèges impliqués.
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Access to governance can be by nomination or election within the colleges.
L’accès à la gouvernance peut se faire par une nomination ou élection au sein des collèges.
Mandatory criteria for access to governance :
Critère obligatoire pour accéder à la gouvernance :
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*Being a Campus Cyber's Member
* Être Membre du Campus Cyber
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Each member of the governance team must respect the following principles:
Chaque membre de la gouvernance se doit de respecter les principes suivants :
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* Be assiduous
* Être assidu
* Comply with the Campus Cyber chart
* Se conformer à la charte du Campus Cyber
* Respect the terms of use (CGU)
* Respecter les conditions d’utilisation du commun (CGU)
Failure to comply with these principles may result in exclusion from governance. The same applies to leaving the Campus Cyber.
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Le non-respect de ces principes peut conduire à l’exclusion de la gouvernance. De même que la sortie du Campus Cyber.
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=== Term of office ===
=== Mandature ===
To guarantee a healthy renewal, while ensuring the continuity of the Common's work, the term of office must not exceed 3 years, renewable once.
Pour garantir un renouvellement sain, tout en assurant la continuité des travaux du commun, la mandature ne doit pas excéder 3 années, renouvelable une fois.
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The renewal of mandates must be partial (by 1/3 or 1/2). This means that, from the first term, some seats will be shortened to allow the renewal model to be implemented.
Le renouvellement des mandatures doit être partiel (par 1/3 ou 1/2). Ainsi, dès le premier mandat, certains sièges auront une durée écourtée pour permettre la mise en place du modèle de renouvellement.
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=== Decision-making methods ===
=== Modalité de prise de décision ===
Each governance can choose its own decision-making method. However, the Cyber Campus allows several decision-making methods to be used, depending on the criticality of the arbitration.
Chaque gouvernance peut choisir une modalité de prise de décisions qui lui est propre. Néanmoins, le Campus Cyber permet la mise en place de plusieurs modalités de prise de décision en fonction de la criticité de l’arbitrage.
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* '''Absolute majority:'''' Voters must represent half plus 1 vote for a decision to be validated.
* '''Majorité absolue :''' Les votants doivent représenter la moitié plus 1 voix pour qu’une décision soit validée.
* '''Qualified majority:''' Voters must represent at least 2/3 of the votes for a decision to be validated.
* '''Majorité qualifiée :''' Les votant doivent représenter au moins 2/3 des voix pour qu’une décision soit validée.
* '''Vote by value:''' Voters must give their opinion on 5 levels (Reject, Clarify, Neutral, Proceed, Validate). Opinions may be accompanied by questions or comments. All opinions are combined to produce a score. The sum of the scores must represent 2/3 of the points to validate the proposal.
* '''Vote par valeur :''' Les votants doivent donner leur avis sur 5 niveaux (Rejeter, Préciser, Neutre, Poursuivre, Valider). Les avis peuvent être accompagnés de questions ou remarques. L’ensemble des avis donne lieu à une note. La somme des notes doit représenter 2/3 des points pour valider la proposition.
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* '''Consent Process:'''' Decision-making follows a process that involves validating a decision if no member of the group has objected to it. Decision-making is a participatory process, which means that the decision will be validated when no further reasonable objections are raised.
* '''Processus Consentement :''' La prise de décision suit un processus qui consiste à valider une décision si aucun membre du groupe ne s’y est opposé. La prise de décision se fait de manière participative et implique que la décision sera validée lorsque plus aucune objection raisonnable ne sera énoncée.
== Conflict management==
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Managing common ground requires a clear, cost-effective conflict management process.
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== Gestion des conflits ==
La conduite des communs nécessite d’anticiper un processus de gestion des conflits claire et économique.
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Conflict management is based on two essential functions. The "ethics member" is responsible for acting as rapporteur and liaising with the ethics commission.
La gestion des conflits est basée sur deux fonctions essentielles. La fonction de rapporteur est à la charge du “membre éthique” qui doit faire le lien avec la commission de déontologie.
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The mediation function is carried out by the Commission de déontologie.
La fonction de médiation est portée par la commission de déontologie.
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=== Commission of Ethics ===
=== Commission de déontologie ===
The ethics commission is made up of members from each college. Each college must identify at least two volunteers to join the group of deontologists. The members of the group of deontologists are the ethical members of the governance bodies.
La commission de déontologie est composée de membres de chaque collège. Chaque collège doit identifier au moins deux volontaires qui intégreront le groupe des déontologues. Les membres du groupe de déontologues sont les membres éthiques dans les instances de gouvernance.
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The role of the ethics commission is to review the ethics charter, monitor its application and advise the governance bodies of the cyber commons.
La commission de déontologie a pour rôle de réviser la charte éthique, de suivre sa mise en application et d'avoir un rôle de conseil auprès des instances de gouvernance des communs de la cyber.
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In the event of a conflict management referral, five members of the deontology commission will be mandated to arbitrate the case. None of the members of the commission shall have any connection with the parties involved or with the community concerned by the conflict.
Dans le cas de saisine pour la gestion d’un conflit, cinq membres de la commission de déontologie seront mandatés pour arbitrer le dossier. Aucun des membres de la commission ne devra avoir de lien avec les parties prenantes ou avec le commun concerné par le conflit.
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The commission can meet and hear the various parties as often as necessary to resolve the conflict. The commission must reach a decision within a maximum of two months of the referral, with the first conflict presentation meeting serving as the launch of the system.
La commission pourra se rassembler et auditionner les différentes parties autant que nécessaire pour résoudre le conflit. La commission devra statuer dans un délai maximum de deux mois suite à la saisine, la première réunion de présentation conflit faisant office de lancement du dispositif.
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The commission is required to produce an annual activity report containing a history of decisions and changes to the chart.
La commission doit produire un rapport d’activité annuel constitué de l’historique des décisions et des changements de la charte.
=== Referral process ===
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The referral process to the deontology commission must go through the common governance to be ratified.
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=== Processus de saisine ===
Le processus de saisine de la commission de déontologie doit passer par la gouvernance du commun pour être entérinée.
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Any stakeholder with an interest in the common may request that a dispute be placed on the governance agenda for arbitration.
Toute partie prenante en lien avec le commun peut demander à inscrire à l’ordre de la gouvernance un sujet de conflit pour arbitrage.
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During governance deliberations, it may be decided to initiate a conflict management process. The conflict management process may be initiated because a perceived prejudice cannot be resolved through governance.
Lors des délibérations de la gouvernance, il peut être décidé d’ouvrir un processus de gestion de conflit. Le processus de gestion de conflit peut être initié car un préjudice perçu ne trouve pas de solutions via la gouvernance.
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From then on, the ethics member becomes rapporteur for the ethics commission. The ethics member must convene a five-member ethics commission.
Dès lors, le membre éthique devient rapporteur pour la commission de déontologie. Le membre éthique doit réunir une commission éthique de cinq membres.
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The ethical member must compile the conflict follow-up file, which must contain at least :
Le membre éthique doit constituer le dossier de suivi du conflit qui doit contenir a minima :
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* Explanation of the context
* Explication du contexte
* Description of the perceived damage
* Description du préjudice perçu
* Requests and positions of the various parties
* Requêtes et position des différents partis
* Request for resolution timeframe
* Demande de délai de résolution
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The conflict follow-up file should include a summary of the deliberations and decisions of the ethics commission. Once the conflict has been resolved, the ethics commission will need to feed a conflict handling repository with a history of previous decisions.
Le dossier de suivi du conflit devra comporter une synthèse des délibérations et des décisions de la commission de déontologie. Suite à la résolution, la commission de déontologie devra alimenter un référentiel de traitement des conflits de manière à disposer d’un historique des décisions antérieures.
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As a first step, the parties undertake, in good faith, to comply with the defined resolution process before resorting to any other resolution body.
Dans un premier temps, les parties s’engagent, de bonne foi, à respecter le processus de résolution défini avant de recourir à toute autre instance de résolution.
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If the internal mediation carried out by the ethics commission does not lead to a satisfactory resolution for all parties, it is possible to be accompanied by an external mediator. The deontology commission is free to decide whether to finance the support provided by the joint body, or to have the mediation carried out by the parties involved in the conflict.
Dans le cas où la médiation interne portée par la commission de déontologie n’aboutit pas à une résolution satisfaisante pour l’ensemble des parties, il est possible de se faire accompagner par une médiation externe. La commission de déontologie peut librement décider de financer l’accompagnement par le commun ou de faire porter la médiation par les parties impliquées dans le conflit.
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== License and T&Cs
== Licence et CGU ==
The purpose of this section is to define the license used by the common to manage exploitation and commercialization.
Cette partie vise à définir la licence utilisée par le commun pour gérer l’exploitation et la commercialisation.
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The aim is to have a set of licenses that encourages the propagation of the commons to train, develop knowledge and reinforce the competitive advantages of the ecosystem, while guaranteeing the evolution and durability of the commons itself. Commercial exploitation must be authorized and encouraged for all those who wish to do so, while recognizing contributions that help the commons to evolve, enabling the establishment of a form of reciprocity.
L’objectif est d’avoir un jeu de licences qui favorise la propagation du commun pour former, développer les connaissances, renforcer les avantages concurrentiels de l’écosystème et qui garantit l’évolution et la pérennité de ce même commun. L’exploitation commerciale doit être autorisée et encouragée à tous ceux qui le souhaite, tout en reconnaissant les contributions qui font évoluer le communs permettant la mise en place de forme de réciprocité.
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The license must specify the terms and conditions governing constraints on access to the common and the related marketing rules.
La licence devra préciser les modalités de contraintes d’accès au commun et les règles de commercialisation afférentes.
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This license differentiates between creative and economic participation. In this context, the notion of contribution recognizes only creative participation.
Ainsi cette licence différenciera la participation créatrice de la participation économique. Dans ce contexte, la notion de contribution reconnait exclusivement la participation créatrice.
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Involvement in the governance of the commons is not considered a contribution.
L’implication dans la gouvernance du commun n’est pas considérée comme une contribution.
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Each community must define its own reciprocity model, linking commercial benefits (see Table of benefits) to recognized contributions.
Chaque commun doit définir son modèle de réciprocité mettant en lien les contreparties commerciales (cf. Tableau des contreparties) au regard de contributions reconnues.
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=== Definition of contributions ===
=== Définition des contributions ===
A contribution refers to all modifications, corrections, translations, adaptations and/or new functionalities integrated into the resource and recognized by governance.
Une contribution désigne l'ensemble des modifications, corrections, traductions, adaptations et/ou nouvelles fonctionnalités intégrées dans la ressource et reconnue par la gouvernance.
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A contribution can take the form of software development, datasets, documentation, feeds, and so on. A contribution must bring value to the common good. A contribution is considered effective once it has been delivered and validated by the team in charge of managing the commons.
Une contribution peut prendre la forme de développement logiciel, de jeu de données, de documentation, alimentation par des flux, etc. Une contribution doit apporter de la valeur au commun. Une contribution est considérée comme effective à la suite de sa livraison et validée par l’équipe en charge de la gestion du commun.
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=== Launch of contributions ===
=== Lancement des contributions ===
Governance can define compensation and reciprocity for each member's investment in the upstream phases of making the resource available.
La gouvernance peut définir les contreparties et réciprocités au regard de l’investissement de chaque membre dans les phases amont de la mise à disposition de la ressource.
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=== Recognition of contributions ===
=== Reconnaissance des contributions ===
In order to make the recognition of contributions as flexible as possible for the governance of the commons, we propose to follow a model based on realized contributions.
De manière à rendre la reconnaissance des contributions la plus souple possible pour la gouvernance du commun, nous proposons de suivre un modèle qui s’appuie sur les contributions réalisées.
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At the start of each financial year, contributors produce a statement of projected contributions in the form of a Statement of Projected Contributions (EPC / SPC).
Pour chaque début d’exercice, les contributeurs produisent une déclaration des prévisions de contribution à travers un Etat des Prévisions de Contribution (EPC).
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At the end of each financial year, contributors produce a statement of their achievements in the form of a Recapitulative Statement of Contributions (RSC / SoC).
Pour chaque fin d’exercice, les contributeurs produisent une déclaration des réalisations à travers un Etat Récapitulatif Des Contributions (ERC).
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Contributions are subject to economic evaluation.
Les contributions doivent faire l’objet d’une évaluation économique.
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These two statements must be provided at least one month before the annual governance meeting called to decide on the pool's budget for the year just ended and for the year to come. In this way, the teams in charge of managing the pool will be able to issue an opinion on the achievement of contributions, provide a history of annual contributions and provide a forecast of contributions.
Ces deux états doivent être fournis au moins un mois avant la réunion annuelle de gouvernance appelée à statuer sur le budget du commun de l’année écoulée et à venir. Ainsi les équipes en charge de la gestion du commun pourront émettre un avis sur la réalisation des contributions, fournir un historique des contributions annuelles et fournir un prévisionnel des contributions.
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Other models can be tested where appropriate, and incorporated into possible future modalities.
D’autres modèles pourront être expérimentés le cas échéant et intégrés dans les futures modalités possibles.
=== Reciprocity models ===
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Allocations are made following validation of contributions for the previous reference period. The reference period is the Campus Cyber financial year.
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=== Modèles de Réciprocité ===
L’attribution des contreparties fait suite à la validation des contributions de la période référence précédente. La période de référence est l’exercice comptable du Campus Cyber.
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Each common must guarantee its own operation and evolution.
Chaque commun doit garantir son propre fonctionnement et ses évolutions.
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Example of reciprocity matching
Exemple correspondance de réciprocité
{| class="wikitable table-responsive table-responsive"
{| class="wikitable table-responsive table-responsive"
|Echelle de contribution
|Contribution scale
|Echelle de contrepartie
|Counterpart Scale
|Exemples de contrepartie
|Examples of reciprocity
|-
|-
|< 5 000€
|< 5 000€
|Contrepartie  1
|Counterparty 1
|Remerciement / Badge
|Thank you / Badge
|-
|-
|< 10 000€
|< 10 000€
|Contrepartie 2
|Contrepartie 2
|Réduction / RFA sur CA
|Discount / RFA on sales
|-
|-
|< 50 000€
|< 50 000€
|Contrepartie  3
|Party 3
|Réduction / RFA sur CA / Gratuité
|Discount / RFA on sales / Free of charge
|-
|-
|> 50 000€
|> 50 000€
|Contrepartie  4
|Party 4
|Réduction / RFA sur CA / Gratuité / Porte parole du Commun
|Reduction / RFA on sales / Free / Commun spokesperson
|}
|}
Une approche envisageable complémentaire pour la reconnaissance des contributions, serait de la création d’un « badge » permettant de montrer la participation d’une entité à la production ou l’usage d'un commun.
A possible complementary approach to recognizing contributions would be to create a "badge" to show an entity's participation in the production or use of a commons.
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=== Licence model ===
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WIP
=== Modèle de licence ===
En cours de construction, V1 prévue pour T4 2022
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Ressources: https://chooser-beta.creativecommons.org/
Ressources pour les licences en creative commons : https://chooser-beta.creativecommons.org/
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== Examples of Business Models ==
== Exemples de Modèles d'affaire ==
The business models presented below are neither exhaustive nor exclusive. Nevertheless, these models form part of the common licenses and conditions of use.
Les modèles d’affaires présentés dessous ne sont pas exhaustifs ni exclusif. Néanmoins, ces modèles sont constitutifs des licences et conditions d’usages du commun.
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Business models may evolve upon proposal by the production or operations team and validation by governance.
Les modèles d’affaires pourront évoluer sur proposition de l’équipe de production ou d’exploitation et validation par la gouvernance.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The business models presented below are sources of inspiration drawn from practices observed in the open source world.
Les modèles d’affaires présentés ci-dessous sont des sources d’inspiration issues des pratiques observées dans le monde de l’open source.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Dual-license approach''': The dual-license mechanism consists of offering software under both a free license and distinct proprietary conditions. The proprietary version can then be sold to finance the ongoing development of the free version.
'''Approche de la double licence''' : Le mécanisme de la double licence consiste à proposer le logiciel à la fois sous une licence libre et à des conditions propriétaires distinctes. La version propriétaire peut ainsi être vendue pour financer le développement continu de la version libre gratuite.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Professional Services Sales Approach''': Revenues are derived from the sale of services, such as training, technical support or consulting, rather than from the sale of the software itself.
'''Approche Vente de services professionnels''' : Les revenus proviennent de la vente de services, tels que la fourniture de formations, de support technique ou de prestations conseil, plutôt que de la vente du logiciel lui-même.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Approaches Selling certificates and trademark use:''' The business model is based on a network of commercial partners who are certified and authorized to use the name and logo. In exchange, they pay back a share of their revenues, which finances the development of the core software (e.g. Moodle).
'''Approches Vente de certificats et d’usage de marque :''' Le modèle d’affaires est basé sur un réseau de partenaires commerciaux qui sont certifiés et autorisés à utiliser le nom et le logo, en échange ils reversent une part de leurs revenus qui finance le développement du cœur du logiciel (ex : Moodle).
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Approaches Selling software as a service Software as a Service''': Corresponds to the sale of subscriptions to customers for remote access.
'''Approches Vente de logiciel comme service Software as a Service''' : Correspond à la vente de souscriptions à des clients pour des accès distants.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Partnership approaches with funding bodies''': Business models are based on partnerships with other companies.
'''Approches Partenariats avec des organismes de financement''' : Des modèles économiques sont basés sur des partenariats avec d’autres entreprises.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Approaches Voluntary donations''': Establishment of a system of user donations and identification of recognized benefactors.
'''Approches Dons volontaires''' : Mise en place d’un système de don de la part des usagers et identification de bienfaiteurs reconnues.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Participatory production approaches''': Participatory production is proposed through open calls for contributions. The realization of a task of variable complexity and modularity, in which the group must participate by contributing work, financial resources, knowledge and/or experience, always implies mutual benefit.
'''Approches Production participative''' : La production participative est proposée, par l’intermédiaire d’appels ouverts à contributions. La réalisation de la tâche de complexité et modularité variables, à laquelle le groupe doit participer en apportant travail, ressources financières, savoirs et/ou expérience implique toujours un bénéfice mutuel.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Advertising-financed approaches''': In order to bring new products to market, many companies have shifted their business model to advertising-financed software.
'''Approches Financement par la publicité''' : Afin de commercialiser des de nombreuses entreprises ont fait évoluer leur modèle d’affaires vers des logiciels financés par la publicité.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Approaches Selling optional proprietary extensions''': Some companies sell optional extensions, modules, plugins or add-ons. This approach is a variant of the freemium business model. Paid and/or proprietary extensions can be designed to enable customers to derive greater benefit from their data, infrastructure or platform, e.g., make it run more efficiently, manage it better, secure it better. Some companies reinvest part of their financial profits in open source infrastructure.  
'''Approches Vente d’extensions propriétaires optionnelles''' : Certaines entreprises vendent des extensions, modules, plugins ou add-ons optionnels. Cette approche est une variante du modèle d’affaires freemium. Les extensions payantes et/ou propriétaires peut être conçu pour permettre aux clients de tirer un avantage supérieur de leurs données, infrastructure ou plate-forme, par exemple, les faire fonctionner plus efficacement, mieux les gérer, mieux les sécuriser. Certaines entreprises réinvestissent une partie de leurs bénéfices financiers dans l’infrastructure open source.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Approaches Selling essential proprietary components of a software product''': A variant of the above approach is to keep restrictive essential data and content of a software product while releasing the source code. Users must purchase the content in order to obtain a complete, functional solution. Restrictive licenses may also apply to the content, preventing redistribution or resale of the complete software.  
'''Approches Vente de composants propriétaires indispensables d’un produit logiciel''' : Une variante de l’approche ci-dessus consiste à garder restrictive des données et contenus indispensables d’un produit logiciel tout en libérant le code source. Les utilisateurs doivent acheter le contenu afin de disposer d’une solution complète et fonctionnelle. Des licences restrictives peuvent en outre s’appliquer au contenu, ce qui empêche la redistribution ou la revente du logiciel complet.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Approaches Selling proprietary update systems''': Another variant of the above business model, used in particular for data-intensive software or software whose architecture is centered on data management, is to keep each version of the software under an open source license, but refrain from publishing update scripts from version n to version n+1.  
'''Approches Vente de systèmes de mise à jour propriétaires''' : Une autre variante du modèle d’affaires ci-dessus, utilisé notamment pour des logiciels traitant beaucoup de données ou dont l’architecture est centrée sur la gestion de données, est le fait de conserver chaque version du logiciel sous une licence open source, mais de s’abstenir de publier les scripts de mise à jour d’une version n à une version n+1.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Users can still deploy and run the open source software. However, upgrading to a higher version requires the user to:
Les utilisateurs peuvent encore déployer et faire fonctionner le logiciel open source. Cependant, toute mise à jour à une version supérieure impose à l’utilisateur :
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* either subscribe to a closed service or acquire an update system under a proprietary license ;
* soit de souscrire à un service fermé ou d’acquérir un système de mises à jour sous licence propriétaire ;
* export all data, install the new version, then re-import the data into the new version;
* soit d’exporter la totalité des données, installer la nouvelle version, puis réimporter les données dans cette nouvelle version ;
* or study the source code of both versions and recreate the required scripts yourself.
* soit d’étudier le code source des deux versions et de recréer lui-même les scripts requis.
</div>




<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Redistribution approaches under proprietary license''': If a software product uses only software licensed under a permissive software license, another company can redistribute the resulting software produced under a proprietary license and sell it without the source code or software freedoms. For example, Apple Inc. is a fervent user of this approach, exploiting source code and software from open source projects.  
'''Approches Redistribution sous licence propriétaire''' : Si un produit logiciel utilise uniquement des logiciels par une licence de logiciel permissive une autre entreprise peut redistribuer le logiciel obtenu produit sous une licence propriétaire et le vendre sans le code source ou les libertés logicielles. Par exemple, Apple Inc. est un fervent utilisateur de cette approche et exploite le code source et les logiciels de projets open source.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Source code offuscation approaches''': Source code offuscation is an approach to enabling commercialization under an open source license while protecting crucial business secrets, intellectual property and technical know-how.
'''Approches Offuscation de code source''' : L’offuscation de code source est une approche pour permettre la commercialisation sous une licence open source tout en protégeant des secrets d’affaires cruciaux, des éléments de propriété intellectuelle et des savoir-faire techniques.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Delayed open source release approaches''': Some companies only supply the latest available version of their software to paying customers. A vendor forks a non-copyleft software project and adds closed components before selling the resulting software. This business model is called "version delay".<blockquote>Information source: https://fr.google-info.org/11294521/1/modeles-economiques-des-logiciels-open-source.html</blockquote>
'''Approches Publication en open source retardée''' : Certaines entreprises ne fournissent la dernière version disponible de leur logiciel qu’aux clients payants. Un vendeur forke un projet logiciel non copyleft et y ajoute des composants fermés avant de vendre le logiciel qui résulte de cet ajout. Ce modèle économique est appelé "retard de version".<blockquote>Source d’information : https://fr.google-info.org/11294521/1/modeles-economiques-des-logiciels-open-source.html</blockquote>
== Glossary ==
</div>
'''Beneficiaries: '''refers to the end users of the resource.
<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
== Glossaire ==
'''Bénéficiaires :  '''désigne les utilisateurs finaux de la ressource.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Common:''' means the combination of rules, governance and resource.
'''Commun :''' désigne l’association des règles, de la gouvernance et de la ressource.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Agreement:''' means this license agreement, any subsequent versions and appendices, documentation, as they exist at the time of acceptance of the Agreement by the Licensee.
'''Contrat :''' désigne le présent contrat de licence, ses éventuelles versions postérieures et annexes, documentation, dans leur état au moment de l'acceptation du Contrat par le Licencié.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Contributor:''' means a natural or legal person who has made at least one contribution.
'''Contributeur :''' désigne une personne physique ou morale auteur d'au moins une contribution.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Contribution:''' refers to all modifications, corrections, translations, adaptations and/or new functionalities integrated into the resource and recognized by governance.
'''Contribution :''' désigne l'ensemble des modifications, corrections, traductions, adaptations et/ou nouvelles fonctionnalités intégrées dans la ressource et reconnues par la gouvernance.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Operator:''' refers to the licensee responsible for maintaining and integrating changes to the resource.
'''Exploitant :''' désigne le licencié en charge de maintenir et d’intégrer les évolutions de la ressource.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Licensee:''' refers to the contractual user(s) of the resource.
'''Licencié :''' désigne le ou les utilisateur(s) contractuel(s) de la ressource.
</div>


<div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Parties:''' refers to all beneficiaries, licensees and contributors.
'''Parties :''' désigne l’ensemble des bénéficiaires, licenciés et contributeurs.
</div>

Dernière version du 31 octobre 2024 à 15:46

The governance guide is a product of the "Shared Resources" working group. The aim is to provide a framework for reflection and the main principles followed by the Campus Cyber in setting up the governance of a cyber community.

This doctrine may change over time.

Governance principles

Role of governance

Campus Cyber recommends that governance focus on monitoring impact objectives. The project team must retain a high degree of autonomy in its technical and functional decisions, and in the management of its priorities.

If necessary, the governance committee can recommend technical guidelines or ask for a technical committee to be set up to ensure ongoing monitoring of the project team's choices.

Generally speaking, governance should focus on the following elements:

  • Define its decision-making and review procedures
  • Define the strategic orientations of the resource
  • Validate the definition of a contribution and its follow-up
  • Validate license evolutions
  • Define conflict management and exclusion procedures
  • Define and revise impact objectives
  • Monitor the market value of the resource

Governance involves an annual review of the common objectives, scope, impact targets and changes to the business model and reciprocity.

Governance composition

Campus Cyber advocates a light governance structure, adapted to the timeframe and role of the community. Governance should not exceed nine permanent members. By way of example, the Cyber Campus proposes the following three typologies, distributed as follows:

  • Beneficiaries - 20% to 30% of seats
  • Licensees - 20% to 30% of seats
  • Contributors - 20% to 30% of seats

Each community will define the typologies best suited to its activity. Nevertheless, the typologies will remain exclusive, and each player must propose its own typology, which must be validated by the members of the governance committee.

The Cyber Campus requires the addition to its governance of a type of actor who is neutral in relation to the common good. This member, known as an "ethical member", is a member of Campus Cyber who has no direct involvement with the commons, but is a member of the deontology commission (see conflict management below). In exceptional cases, this ethical member may be a member of the Campus Cyber team.

The "ethical member" must have one seat. His/her vote has the same weight as that of the other members of the Board of Directors. The "ethical member" is subject to the same rules as the other governance members.

Conditions for accessing and maintaining governance

The entities that participated in the coordination of the WG at the origin of the creation of a common have a priority place in governance, to guarantee continuity and transmission from the WG to the common.

In the same way, it is advisable to offer access to governance primarily to active members of the WG, while guaranteeing the proportions cited in the "Composition of governance" chapter. Governance must reflect the diversity of the colleges involved.

Access to governance can be by nomination or election within the colleges. Mandatory criteria for access to governance :

  • Being a Campus Cyber's Member

Each member of the governance team must respect the following principles:

  • Be assiduous
  • Comply with the Campus Cyber chart
  • Respect the terms of use (CGU)

Failure to comply with these principles may result in exclusion from governance. The same applies to leaving the Campus Cyber.

Term of office

To guarantee a healthy renewal, while ensuring the continuity of the Common's work, the term of office must not exceed 3 years, renewable once.

The renewal of mandates must be partial (by 1/3 or 1/2). This means that, from the first term, some seats will be shortened to allow the renewal model to be implemented.

Decision-making methods

Each governance can choose its own decision-making method. However, the Cyber Campus allows several decision-making methods to be used, depending on the criticality of the arbitration.

  • Absolute majority:' Voters must represent half plus 1 vote for a decision to be validated.
  • Qualified majority: Voters must represent at least 2/3 of the votes for a decision to be validated.
  • Vote by value: Voters must give their opinion on 5 levels (Reject, Clarify, Neutral, Proceed, Validate). Opinions may be accompanied by questions or comments. All opinions are combined to produce a score. The sum of the scores must represent 2/3 of the points to validate the proposal.
  • Consent Process:' Decision-making follows a process that involves validating a decision if no member of the group has objected to it. Decision-making is a participatory process, which means that the decision will be validated when no further reasonable objections are raised.

Conflict management

Managing common ground requires a clear, cost-effective conflict management process.

Conflict management is based on two essential functions. The "ethics member" is responsible for acting as rapporteur and liaising with the ethics commission.

The mediation function is carried out by the Commission de déontologie.

Commission of Ethics

The ethics commission is made up of members from each college. Each college must identify at least two volunteers to join the group of deontologists. The members of the group of deontologists are the ethical members of the governance bodies.

The role of the ethics commission is to review the ethics charter, monitor its application and advise the governance bodies of the cyber commons.

In the event of a conflict management referral, five members of the deontology commission will be mandated to arbitrate the case. None of the members of the commission shall have any connection with the parties involved or with the community concerned by the conflict.

The commission can meet and hear the various parties as often as necessary to resolve the conflict. The commission must reach a decision within a maximum of two months of the referral, with the first conflict presentation meeting serving as the launch of the system.

The commission is required to produce an annual activity report containing a history of decisions and changes to the chart.

Referral process

The referral process to the deontology commission must go through the common governance to be ratified.

Any stakeholder with an interest in the common may request that a dispute be placed on the governance agenda for arbitration.

During governance deliberations, it may be decided to initiate a conflict management process. The conflict management process may be initiated because a perceived prejudice cannot be resolved through governance.

From then on, the ethics member becomes rapporteur for the ethics commission. The ethics member must convene a five-member ethics commission.

The ethical member must compile the conflict follow-up file, which must contain at least :

  • Explanation of the context
  • Description of the perceived damage
  • Requests and positions of the various parties
  • Request for resolution timeframe

The conflict follow-up file should include a summary of the deliberations and decisions of the ethics commission. Once the conflict has been resolved, the ethics commission will need to feed a conflict handling repository with a history of previous decisions.

As a first step, the parties undertake, in good faith, to comply with the defined resolution process before resorting to any other resolution body.

If the internal mediation carried out by the ethics commission does not lead to a satisfactory resolution for all parties, it is possible to be accompanied by an external mediator. The deontology commission is free to decide whether to finance the support provided by the joint body, or to have the mediation carried out by the parties involved in the conflict.

== License and T&Cs The purpose of this section is to define the license used by the common to manage exploitation and commercialization.

The aim is to have a set of licenses that encourages the propagation of the commons to train, develop knowledge and reinforce the competitive advantages of the ecosystem, while guaranteeing the evolution and durability of the commons itself. Commercial exploitation must be authorized and encouraged for all those who wish to do so, while recognizing contributions that help the commons to evolve, enabling the establishment of a form of reciprocity.

The license must specify the terms and conditions governing constraints on access to the common and the related marketing rules.

This license differentiates between creative and economic participation. In this context, the notion of contribution recognizes only creative participation.

Involvement in the governance of the commons is not considered a contribution.

Each community must define its own reciprocity model, linking commercial benefits (see Table of benefits) to recognized contributions.

Definition of contributions

A contribution refers to all modifications, corrections, translations, adaptations and/or new functionalities integrated into the resource and recognized by governance.

A contribution can take the form of software development, datasets, documentation, feeds, and so on. A contribution must bring value to the common good. A contribution is considered effective once it has been delivered and validated by the team in charge of managing the commons.

Launch of contributions

Governance can define compensation and reciprocity for each member's investment in the upstream phases of making the resource available.

Recognition of contributions

In order to make the recognition of contributions as flexible as possible for the governance of the commons, we propose to follow a model based on realized contributions.

At the start of each financial year, contributors produce a statement of projected contributions in the form of a Statement of Projected Contributions (EPC / SPC).

At the end of each financial year, contributors produce a statement of their achievements in the form of a Recapitulative Statement of Contributions (RSC / SoC).

Contributions are subject to economic evaluation.

These two statements must be provided at least one month before the annual governance meeting called to decide on the pool's budget for the year just ended and for the year to come. In this way, the teams in charge of managing the pool will be able to issue an opinion on the achievement of contributions, provide a history of annual contributions and provide a forecast of contributions.

Other models can be tested where appropriate, and incorporated into possible future modalities.

Reciprocity models

Allocations are made following validation of contributions for the previous reference period. The reference period is the Campus Cyber financial year.

Each common must guarantee its own operation and evolution.

Example of reciprocity matching

Contribution scale Counterpart Scale Examples of reciprocity
< 5 000€ Counterparty 1 Thank you / Badge
< 10 000€ Contrepartie 2 Discount / RFA on sales
< 50 000€ Party 3 Discount / RFA on sales / Free of charge
> 50 000€ Party 4 Reduction / RFA on sales / Free / Commun spokesperson

A possible complementary approach to recognizing contributions would be to create a "badge" to show an entity's participation in the production or use of a commons.

Licence model

WIP

Ressources: https://chooser-beta.creativecommons.org/

Examples of Business Models

The business models presented below are neither exhaustive nor exclusive. Nevertheless, these models form part of the common licenses and conditions of use.

Business models may evolve upon proposal by the production or operations team and validation by governance.

The business models presented below are sources of inspiration drawn from practices observed in the open source world.

Dual-license approach: The dual-license mechanism consists of offering software under both a free license and distinct proprietary conditions. The proprietary version can then be sold to finance the ongoing development of the free version.

Professional Services Sales Approach: Revenues are derived from the sale of services, such as training, technical support or consulting, rather than from the sale of the software itself.

Approaches Selling certificates and trademark use: The business model is based on a network of commercial partners who are certified and authorized to use the name and logo. In exchange, they pay back a share of their revenues, which finances the development of the core software (e.g. Moodle).

Approaches Selling software as a service Software as a Service: Corresponds to the sale of subscriptions to customers for remote access.

Partnership approaches with funding bodies: Business models are based on partnerships with other companies.

Approaches Voluntary donations: Establishment of a system of user donations and identification of recognized benefactors.

Participatory production approaches: Participatory production is proposed through open calls for contributions. The realization of a task of variable complexity and modularity, in which the group must participate by contributing work, financial resources, knowledge and/or experience, always implies mutual benefit.

Advertising-financed approaches: In order to bring new products to market, many companies have shifted their business model to advertising-financed software.

Approaches Selling optional proprietary extensions: Some companies sell optional extensions, modules, plugins or add-ons. This approach is a variant of the freemium business model. Paid and/or proprietary extensions can be designed to enable customers to derive greater benefit from their data, infrastructure or platform, e.g., make it run more efficiently, manage it better, secure it better. Some companies reinvest part of their financial profits in open source infrastructure.

Approaches Selling essential proprietary components of a software product: A variant of the above approach is to keep restrictive essential data and content of a software product while releasing the source code. Users must purchase the content in order to obtain a complete, functional solution. Restrictive licenses may also apply to the content, preventing redistribution or resale of the complete software.

Approaches Selling proprietary update systems: Another variant of the above business model, used in particular for data-intensive software or software whose architecture is centered on data management, is to keep each version of the software under an open source license, but refrain from publishing update scripts from version n to version n+1.

Users can still deploy and run the open source software. However, upgrading to a higher version requires the user to:

  • either subscribe to a closed service or acquire an update system under a proprietary license ;
  • export all data, install the new version, then re-import the data into the new version;
  • or study the source code of both versions and recreate the required scripts yourself.


Redistribution approaches under proprietary license: If a software product uses only software licensed under a permissive software license, another company can redistribute the resulting software produced under a proprietary license and sell it without the source code or software freedoms. For example, Apple Inc. is a fervent user of this approach, exploiting source code and software from open source projects.

Source code offuscation approaches: Source code offuscation is an approach to enabling commercialization under an open source license while protecting crucial business secrets, intellectual property and technical know-how.

Delayed open source release approaches: Some companies only supply the latest available version of their software to paying customers. A vendor forks a non-copyleft software project and adds closed components before selling the resulting software. This business model is called "version delay".

Information source: https://fr.google-info.org/11294521/1/modeles-economiques-des-logiciels-open-source.html

Glossary

Beneficiaries: refers to the end users of the resource.

Common: means the combination of rules, governance and resource.

Agreement: means this license agreement, any subsequent versions and appendices, documentation, as they exist at the time of acceptance of the Agreement by the Licensee.

Contributor: means a natural or legal person who has made at least one contribution.

Contribution: refers to all modifications, corrections, translations, adaptations and/or new functionalities integrated into the resource and recognized by governance.

Operator: refers to the licensee responsible for maintaining and integrating changes to the resource.

Licensee: refers to the contractual user(s) of the resource.

Parties: refers to all beneficiaries, licensees and contributors.

Récupérée de « https://wiki.campuscyber.fr/index.php?title=Guide_de_gouvernance/en&oldid=11393 »

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